A new technology is developed to separate allelopathy from competition in pot experiments. Square pots of any sizes may be used. Each pot is divided by a metal or pvc mesh (100-150 micrometer) barrier fixed from the bottom to pot surface. The barrier divides the pot into two sections filled by the same amount of soil mixture. Seeds or seedlings of the donor and receiver species can be planted separately each in a pot section. Density of the donor plant can be varied as required. Nutrient solution can be equally and uniformly added to both pot sections. At an extended period, another similar barrier can be also inserted from the above pot surface to prevent shoot competition. In the control, both receiver and donor plants can be separately grown in divided pots and treated similarly as in other treatments. The technique prevents donor invasion into receiver section and differentiate non-allelopathic from allelopathic species. Failure of receiver species to perform or attain normal growth may be regarded as an indicator on possible allelopathy effects of the donor species. All kinds of comparisons and combinations can be tested and under both normal and stress conditions. A diagram of the new technique separating allelopathy from competition is illustrated.

The melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) belongs to the melanocortin system, has been well investigated in mammals. Which plays important roles in several physiological processes, such as regulating energy homeostasis, cachexia, cardiovascular function, glucose and lipid homeostasis, reproduction and sexual function, drug abuse, pain perception, brain inflammation, and anxiety. Although there are some studies have performed, its role still remain mystery in fish. This review will summarize the studies on the fish MC4R from its cloning and tissue distribution to its physiological roles. Which should be useful for further studies in fish and might provide a new insight in aquaculture industry.

The ability of racing pigeons to navigate and to find their way home is determined by many factors. The aim of this investigation was to prove the outer and inner environmental impacts on the flying performances of racing pigeon flock. The fieldwork consisted of taking down of various body measurements of 49 birds, which was improved by collection of racing-, meteorological-, geographical-, and pedigree data.

Parameters related to nodulating ability of some legumes were studied in a pot trial in the Institute of Forage Crops, Pleven, Bulgaria during the 2013 and 2014 years. Birds foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.), sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) and subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) were pure cultivated and in mixture with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) in the next ratios: birds foot trefoil + perennial rye grass (50:50%); sainfoin + perennial ryegrass (50:50%); subterranean clover + perennial rye grass (50:50%); birds foot trefoil + subterranean clover + perennial rye grass (33:33:33%); sainfoin + subterranean clover + perennial rye grass (33:33:33%). From the pure cultivated crops, birds foot trefoil showed both, the highest nodulating ability and root biomass to nodule number ratio. Birds foot trefoil and subterranean clover in mixtures with perennial rye grass formed more nodules as compared to pure crops by 16.0% and by 24.4%, respectively. Sainfoin showed weak nodulating ability, both, pure and in mixtures. In terms of root to above ground biomass ratio, the legumes were arranged as follows: subterranean clover, birds foot trefoil and sainfoin.